Primitive Type char

A character type.

The char type represents a single character. More specifically, since ‘character’ isn’t a well-defined concept in Unicode, char is a ‘Unicode scalar value’.

This documentation describes a number of methods and trait implementations on the char type. For technical reasons, there is additional, separate documentation in the std::char module as well.

Validity

A char is a ‘Unicode scalar value’, which is any ‘Unicode code point’ other than a surrogate code point. This has a fixed numerical definition: code points are in the range 0 to 0x10FFFF, inclusive. Surrogate code points, used by UTF-16, are in the range 0xD800 to 0xDFFF.

No char may be constructed, whether as a literal or at runtime, that is not a Unicode scalar value:

// Each of these is a compiler error
['\u{D800}', '\u{DFFF}', '\u{110000}'];

// Panics; from_u32 returns None.
char::from_u32(0xDE01).unwrap();

// Undefined behaviour
unsafe { char::from_u32_unchecked(0x110000) };

USVs are also the exact set of values that may be encoded in UTF-8. Because char values are USVs and str values are valid UTF-8, it is safe to store any char in a str or read any character from a str as a char.

The gap in valid char values is understood by the compiler, so in the below example the two ranges are understood to cover the whole range of possible char values and there is no error for a non-exhaustive match.

let c: char = 'a';
match c {
    '\0' ..= '\u{D7FF}' => false,
    '\u{E000}' ..= '\u{10FFFF}' => true,
};

All USVs are valid char values, but not all of them represent a real character. Many USVs are not currently assigned to a character, but may be in the future (“reserved”); some will never be a character (“noncharacters”); and some may be given different meanings by different users (“private use”).

Representation

char is always four bytes in size. This is a different representation than a given character would have as part of a String. For example:

let v = vec!['h', 'e', 'l', 'l', 'o'];

// five elements times four bytes for each element
assert_eq!(20, v.len() * std::mem::size_of::<char>());

let s = String::from("hello");

// five elements times one byte per element
assert_eq!(5, s.len() * std::mem::size_of::<u8>());

As always, remember that a human intuition for ‘character’ might not map to Unicode’s definitions. For example, despite looking similar, the ‘é’ character is one Unicode code point while ‘é’ is two Unicode code points:

let mut chars = "é".chars();
// U+00e9: 'latin small letter e with acute'
assert_eq!(Some('\u{00e9}'), chars.next());
assert_eq!(None, chars.next());

let mut chars = "é".chars();
// U+0065: 'latin small letter e'
assert_eq!(Some('\u{0065}'), chars.next());
// U+0301: 'combining acute accent'
assert_eq!(Some('\u{0301}'), chars.next());
assert_eq!(None, chars.next());

This means that the contents of the first string above will fit into a char while the contents of the second string will not. Trying to create a char literal with the contents of the second string gives an error:

error: character literal may only contain one codepoint: 'é'
let c = 'é';
        ^^^

Another implication of the 4-byte fixed size of a char is that per-char processing can end up using a lot more memory:

let s = String::from("love: ❤️");
let v: Vec<char> = s.chars().collect();

assert_eq!(12, std::mem::size_of_val(&s[..]));
assert_eq!(32, std::mem::size_of_val(&v[..]));

Implementations

impl char

pub const MAX: char

The highest valid code point a char can have, '\u{10FFFF}'.

Examples

let c: char = something_which_returns_char();
assert!(c <= char::MAX);

let value_at_max = char::MAX as u32;
assert_eq!(char::from_u32(value_at_max), Some('\u{10FFFF}'));
assert_eq!(char::from_u32(value_at_max + 1), None);

pub const REPLACEMENT_CHARACTER: char

U+FFFD REPLACEMENT CHARACTER (�) is used in Unicode to represent a decoding error.

It can occur, for example, when giving ill-formed UTF-8 bytes to String::from_utf8_lossy.

pub const UNICODE_VERSION: (u8, u8, u8)

The version of Unicode that the Unicode parts of char and str methods are based on.

New versions of Unicode are released regularly and subsequently all methods in the standard library depending on Unicode are updated. Therefore the behavior of some char and str methods and the value of this constant changes over time. This is not considered to be a breaking change.

The version numbering scheme is explained in Unicode 11.0 or later, Section 3.1 Versions of the Unicode Standard.

pub fn decode_utf16<I>(iter: I) -> DecodeUtf16<<I as IntoIterator>::IntoIter> where
    I: IntoIterator<Item = u16>, 

Creates an iterator over the UTF-16 encoded code points in iter, returning unpaired surrogates as Errs.

Examples

Basic usage:

use std::char::decode_utf16;

// 𝄞mus<invalid>ic<invalid>
let v = [
    0xD834, 0xDD1E, 0x006d, 0x0075, 0x0073, 0xDD1E, 0x0069, 0x0063, 0xD834,
];

assert_eq!(
    decode_utf16(v)
        .map(|r| r.map_err(|e| e.unpaired_surrogate()))
        .collect::<Vec<_>>(),
    vec![
        Ok('𝄞'),
        Ok('m'), Ok('u'), Ok('s'),
        Err(0xDD1E),
        Ok('i'), Ok('c'),
        Err(0xD834)
    ]
);

A lossy decoder can be obtained by replacing Err results with the replacement character:

use std::char::{decode_utf16, REPLACEMENT_CHARACTER};

// 𝄞mus<invalid>ic<invalid>
let v = [
    0xD834, 0xDD1E, 0x006d, 0x0075, 0x0073, 0xDD1E, 0x0069, 0x0063, 0xD834,
];

assert_eq!(
    decode_utf16(v)
       .map(|r| r.unwrap_or(REPLACEMENT_CHARACTER))
       .collect::<String>(),
    "𝄞mus�ic�"
);

pub fn from_u32(i: u32) -> Option<char>

Converts a u32 to a char.

Note that all chars are valid u32s, and can be cast to one with as:

let c = '💯';
let i = c as u32;

assert_eq!(128175, i);

However, the reverse is not true: not all valid u32s are valid chars. from_u32() will return None if the input is not a valid value for a char.

For an unsafe version of this function which ignores these checks, see from_u32_unchecked.

Examples

Basic usage:

use std::char;

let c = char::from_u32(0x2764);

assert_eq!(Some('❤'), c);

Returning None when the input is not a valid char:

use std::char;

let c = char::from_u32(0x110000);

assert_eq!(None, c);

pub unsafe fn from_u32_unchecked(i: u32) -> char

Converts a u32 to a char, ignoring validity.

Note that all chars are valid u32s, and can be cast to one with as:

let c = '💯';
let i = c as u32;

assert_eq!(128175, i);

However, the reverse is not true: not all valid u32s are valid chars. from_u32_unchecked() will ignore this, and blindly cast to char, possibly creating an invalid one.

Safety

This function is unsafe, as it may construct invalid char values.

For a safe version of this function, see the from_u32 function.

Examples

Basic usage:

use std::char;

let c = unsafe { char::from_u32_unchecked(0x2764) };

assert_eq!('❤', c);

pub fn from_digit(num: u32, radix: u32) -> Option<char>

Converts a digit in the given radix to a char.

A ‘radix’ here is sometimes also called a ‘base’. A radix of two indicates a binary number, a radix of ten, decimal, and a radix of sixteen, hexadecimal, to give some common values. Arbitrary radices are supported.

from_digit() will return None if the input is not a digit in the given radix.

Panics

Panics if given a radix larger than 36.

Examples

Basic usage:

use std::char;

let c = char::from_digit(4, 10);

assert_eq!(Some('4'), c);

// Decimal 11 is a single digit in base 16
let c = char::from_digit(11, 16);

assert_eq!(Some('b'), c);

Returning None when the input is not a digit:

use std::char;

let c = char::from_digit(20, 10);

assert_eq!(None, c);

Passing a large radix, causing a panic:

use std::char;

// this panics
let _c = char::from_digit(1, 37);

pub fn is_digit(self, radix: u32) -> bool

Checks if a char is a digit in the given radix.

A ‘radix’ here is sometimes also called a ‘base’. A radix of two indicates a binary number, a radix of ten, decimal, and a radix of sixteen, hexadecimal, to give some common values. Arbitrary radices are supported.

Compared to is_numeric(), this function only recognizes the characters 0-9, a-z and A-Z.

‘Digit’ is defined to be only the following characters:

• 0-9
• a-z
• A-Z

For a more comprehensive understanding of ‘digit’, see is_numeric().

Panics

Panics if given a radix larger than 36.

Examples

Basic usage:

assert!('1'.is_digit(10));
assert!('f'.is_digit(16));
assert!(!'f'.is_digit(10));

Passing a large radix, causing a panic:

// this panics
'1'.is_digit(37);

pub fn to_digit(self, radix: u32) -> Option<u32>

Converts a char to a digit in the given radix.

A ‘radix’ here is sometimes also called a ‘base’. A radix of two indicates a binary number, a radix of ten, decimal, and a radix of sixteen, hexadecimal, to give some common values. Arbitrary radices are supported.

‘Digit’ is defined to be only the following characters:

• 0-9
• a-z
• A-Z

Errors

Returns None if the char does not refer to a digit in the given radix.

Panics

Panics if given a radix larger than 36.

Examples

Basic usage:

assert_eq!('1'.to_digit(10), Some(1));
assert_eq!('f'.to_digit(16), Some(15));

Passing a non-digit results in failure:

assert_eq!('f'.to_digit(10), None);
assert_eq!('z'.to_digit(16), None);

Passing a large radix, causing a panic:

// this panics
let _ = '1'.to_digit(37);

pub fn escape_unicode(self) -> EscapeUnicode

Returns an iterator that yields the hexadecimal Unicode escape of a character as chars.

This will escape characters with the Rust syntax of the form \u{NNNNNN} where NNNNNN is a hexadecimal representation.

Examples

As an iterator:

for c in '❤'.escape_unicode() {
    print!("{}", c);
}
println!();

Using println! directly:

println!("{}", '❤'.escape_unicode());

Both are equivalent to:

println!("\\u{{2764}}");

Using to_string:

assert_eq!('❤'.escape_unicode().to_string(), "\\u{2764}");

pub fn escape_debug(self) -> EscapeDebug

Returns an iterator that yields the literal escape code of a character as chars.

This will escape the characters similar to the Debug implementations of str or char.

Examples

As an iterator:

for c in '\n'.escape_debug() {
    print!("{}", c);
}
println!();

Using println! directly:

println!("{}", '\n'.escape_debug());

Both are equivalent to:

println!("\\n");

Using to_string:

assert_eq!('\n'.escape_debug().to_string(), "\\n");

pub fn escape_default(self) -> EscapeDefault

Returns an iterator that yields the literal escape code of a character as chars.

The default is chosen with a bias toward producing literals that are legal in a variety of languages, including C++11 and similar C-family languages. The exact rules are:

• Tab is escaped as \t.
• Carriage return is escaped as \r.
• Line feed is escaped as \n.
• Single quote is escaped as \'.
• Double quote is escaped as \".
• Backslash is escaped as \\.
• Any character in the ‘printable ASCII’ range 0x20 .. 0x7e inclusive is not escaped.
• All other characters are given hexadecimal Unicode escapes; see escape_unicode.

Examples

As an iterator:

for c in '"'.escape_default() {
    print!("{}", c);
}
println!();

Using println! directly:

println!("{}", '"'.escape_default());

Both are equivalent to:

println!("\\\"");

Using to_string:

assert_eq!('"'.escape_default().to_string(), "\\\"");

pub const fn len_utf8(self) -> usize

Returns the number of bytes this char would need if encoded in UTF-8.

That number of bytes is always between 1 and 4, inclusive.

Examples

Basic usage:

let len = 'A'.len_utf8();
assert_eq!(len, 1);

let len = 'ß'.len_utf8();
assert_eq!(len, 2);

let len = 'ℝ'.len_utf8();
assert_eq!(len, 3);

let len = '💣'.len_utf8();
assert_eq!(len, 4);

The &str type guarantees that its contents are UTF-8, and so we can compare the length it would take if each code point was represented as a char vs in the &str itself:

// as chars
let eastern = '東';
let capital = '京';

// both can be represented as three bytes
assert_eq!(3, eastern.len_utf8());
assert_eq!(3, capital.len_utf8());

// as a &str, these two are encoded in UTF-8
let tokyo = "東京";

let len = eastern.len_utf8() + capital.len_utf8();

// we can see that they take six bytes total...
assert_eq!(6, tokyo.len());

// ... just like the &str
assert_eq!(len, tokyo.len());

pub const fn len_utf16(self) -> usize

Returns the number of 16-bit code units this char would need if encoded in UTF-16.

See the documentation for len_utf8() for more explanation of this concept. This function is a mirror, but for UTF-16 instead of UTF-8.

Examples

Basic usage:

let n = 'ß'.len_utf16();
assert_eq!(n, 1);

let len = '💣'.len_utf16();
assert_eq!(len, 2);

pub fn encode_utf8(self, dst: &mut [u8]) -> &mut str

Encodes this character as UTF-8 into the provided byte buffer, and then returns the subslice of the buffer that contains the encoded character.

Panics

Panics if the buffer is not large enough. A buffer of length four is large enough to encode any char.

Examples

In both of these examples, ‘ß’ takes two bytes to encode.

let mut b = [0; 2];

let result = 'ß'.encode_utf8(&mut b);

assert_eq!(result, "ß");

assert_eq!(result.len(), 2);

A buffer that’s too small:

let mut b = [0; 1];

// this panics
'ß'.encode_utf8(&mut b);

pub fn encode_utf16(self, dst: &mut [u16]) -> &mut [u16]

Encodes this character as UTF-16 into the provided u16 buffer, and then returns the subslice of the buffer that contains the encoded character.

Panics

Panics if the buffer is not large enough. A buffer of length 2 is large enough to encode any char.

Examples

In both of these examples, ‘𝕊’ takes two u16s to encode.

let mut b = [0; 2];

let result = '𝕊'.encode_utf16(&mut b);

assert_eq!(result.len(), 2);

A buffer that’s too small:

let mut b = [0; 1];

// this panics
'𝕊'.encode_utf16(&mut b);

pub fn is_alphabetic(self) -> bool

Returns true if this char has the Alphabetic property.

Alphabetic is described in Chapter 4 (Character Properties) of the Unicode Standard and specified in the Unicode Character Database DerivedCoreProperties.txt.

Examples

Basic usage:

assert!('a'.is_alphabetic());
assert!('京'.is_alphabetic());

let c = '💝';
// love is many things, but it is not alphabetic
assert!(!c.is_alphabetic());

pub fn is_lowercase(self) -> bool

Returns true if this char has the Lowercase property.

Lowercase is described in Chapter 4 (Character Properties) of the Unicode Standard and specified in the Unicode Character Database DerivedCoreProperties.txt.

Examples

Basic usage:

assert!('a'.is_lowercase());
assert!('δ'.is_lowercase());
assert!(!'A'.is_lowercase());
assert!(!'Δ'.is_lowercase());

// The various Chinese scripts and punctuation do not have case, and so:
assert!(!'中'.is_lowercase());
assert!(!' '.is_lowercase());

pub fn is_uppercase(self) -> bool

Returns true if this char has the Uppercase property.

Uppercase is described in Chapter 4 (Character Properties) of the Unicode Standard and specified in the Unicode Character Database DerivedCoreProperties.txt.

Examples

Basic usage:

assert!(!'a'.is_uppercase());
assert!(!'δ'.is_uppercase());
assert!('A'.is_uppercase());
assert!('Δ'.is_uppercase());

// The various Chinese scripts and punctuation do not have case, and so:
assert!(!'中'.is_uppercase());
assert!(!' '.is_uppercase());

pub fn is_whitespace(self) -> bool

Returns true if this char has the White_Space property.

White_Space is specified in the Unicode Character Database PropList.txt.

Examples

Basic usage:

assert!(' '.is_whitespace());

// a non-breaking space
assert!('\u{A0}'.is_whitespace());

assert!(!'越'.is_whitespace());

pub fn is_alphanumeric(self) -> bool

Returns true if this char satisfies either is_alphabetic() or is_numeric().

Examples

Basic usage:

assert!('٣'.is_alphanumeric());
assert!('7'.is_alphanumeric());
assert!('৬'.is_alphanumeric());
assert!('¾'.is_alphanumeric());
assert!('①'.is_alphanumeric());
assert!('K'.is_alphanumeric());
assert!('و'.is_alphanumeric());
assert!('藏'.is_alphanumeric());

pub fn is_control(self) -> bool

Returns true if this char has the general category for control codes.

Control codes (code points with the general category of Cc) are described in Chapter 4 (Character Properties) of the Unicode Standard and specified in the Unicode Character Database UnicodeData.txt.

Examples

Basic usage:

// U+009C, STRING TERMINATOR
assert!('œ'.is_control());
assert!(!'q'.is_control());

pub fn is_numeric(self) -> bool

Returns true if this char has one of the general categories for numbers.

The general categories for numbers (Nd for decimal digits, Nl for letter-like numeric characters, and No for other numeric characters) are specified in the Unicode Character Database UnicodeData.txt.

Examples

Basic usage:

assert!('٣'.is_numeric());
assert!('7'.is_numeric());
assert!('৬'.is_numeric());
assert!('¾'.is_numeric());
assert!('①'.is_numeric());
assert!(!'K'.is_numeric());
assert!(!'و'.is_numeric());
assert!(!'藏'.is_numeric());

pub fn to_lowercase(self) -> ToLowercase

Returns an iterator that yields the lowercase mapping of this char as one or more chars.

If this char does not have a lowercase mapping, the iterator yields the same char.

If this char has a one-to-one lowercase mapping given by the Unicode Character Database UnicodeData.txt, the iterator yields that char.

If this char requires special considerations (e.g. multiple chars) the iterator yields the char(s) given by SpecialCasing.txt.

This operation performs an unconditional mapping without tailoring. That is, the conversion is independent of context and language.

In the Unicode Standard, Chapter 4 (Character Properties) discusses case mapping in general and Chapter 3 (Conformance) discusses the default algorithm for case conversion.

Examples

As an iterator:

for c in 'İ'.to_lowercase() {
    print!("{}", c);
}
println!();

Using println! directly:

println!("{}", 'İ'.to_lowercase());

Both are equivalent to:

println!("i\u{307}");

Using to_string:

assert_eq!('C'.to_lowercase().to_string(), "c");

// Sometimes the result is more than one character:
assert_eq!('İ'.to_lowercase().to_string(), "i\u{307}");

// Characters that do not have both uppercase and lowercase
// convert into themselves.
assert_eq!('山'.to_lowercase().to_string(), "山");

pub fn to_uppercase(self) -> ToUppercase

Returns an iterator that yields the uppercase mapping of this char as one or more chars.

If this char does not have an uppercase mapping, the iterator yields the same char.

If this char has a one-to-one uppercase mapping given by the Unicode Character Database UnicodeData.txt, the iterator yields that char.

If this char requires special considerations (e.g. multiple chars) the iterator yields the char(s) given by SpecialCasing.txt.

This operation performs an unconditional mapping without tailoring. That is, the conversion is independent of context and language.

In the Unicode Standard, Chapter 4 (Character Properties) discusses case mapping in general and Chapter 3 (Conformance) discusses the default algorithm for case conversion.

Examples

As an iterator:

for c in 'ß'.to_uppercase() {
    print!("{}", c);
}
println!();

Using println! directly:

println!("{}", 'ß'.to_uppercase());

Both are equivalent to:

println!("SS");

Using to_string:

assert_eq!('c'.to_uppercase().to_string(), "C");

// Sometimes the result is more than one character:
assert_eq!('ß'.to_uppercase().to_string(), "SS");

// Characters that do not have both uppercase and lowercase
// convert into themselves.
assert_eq!('山'.to_uppercase().to_string(), "山");

Note on locale

In Turkish, the equivalent of ‘i’ in Latin has five forms instead of two:

• ‘Dotless’: I / ı, sometimes written ï
• ‘Dotted’: İ / i

Note that the lowercase dotted ‘i’ is the same as the Latin. Therefore:

let upper_i = 'i'.to_uppercase().to_string();

The value of upper_i here relies on the language of the text: if we’re in en-US, it should be "I", but if we’re in tr_TR, it should be "İ". to_uppercase() does not take this into account, and so:

let upper_i = 'i'.to_uppercase().to_string();

assert_eq!(upper_i, "I");

holds across languages.

pub const fn is_ascii(&self) -> bool

Checks if the value is within the ASCII range.

Examples

let ascii = 'a';
let non_ascii = '❤';

assert!(ascii.is_ascii());
assert!(!non_ascii.is_ascii());

pub const fn to_ascii_uppercase(&self) -> char

Makes a copy of the value in its ASCII upper case equivalent.

ASCII letters ‘a’ to ‘z’ are mapped to ‘A’ to ‘Z’, but non-ASCII letters are unchanged.

To uppercase the value in-place, use make_ascii_uppercase().

To uppercase ASCII characters in addition to non-ASCII characters, use to_uppercase().

Examples

let ascii = 'a';
let non_ascii = '❤';

assert_eq!('A', ascii.to_ascii_uppercase());
assert_eq!('❤', non_ascii.to_ascii_uppercase());

pub const fn to_ascii_lowercase(&self) -> char

Makes a copy of the value in its ASCII lower case equivalent.

ASCII letters ‘A’ to ‘Z’ are mapped to ‘a’ to ‘z’, but non-ASCII letters are unchanged.

To lowercase the value in-place, use make_ascii_lowercase().

To lowercase ASCII characters in addition to non-ASCII characters, use to_lowercase().

Examples

let ascii = 'A';
let non_ascii = '❤';

assert_eq!('a', ascii.to_ascii_lowercase());
assert_eq!('❤', non_ascii.to_ascii_lowercase());

pub const fn eq_ignore_ascii_case(&self, other: &char) -> bool

Checks that two values are an ASCII case-insensitive match.

Equivalent to to_ascii_lowercase(a) == to_ascii_lowercase(b).

Examples

let upper_a = 'A';
let lower_a = 'a';
let lower_z = 'z';

assert!(upper_a.eq_ignore_ascii_case(&lower_a));
assert!(upper_a.eq_ignore_ascii_case(&upper_a));
assert!(!upper_a.eq_ignore_ascii_case(&lower_z));

pub fn make_ascii_uppercase(&mut self)

Converts this type to its ASCII upper case equivalent in-place.

ASCII letters ‘a’ to ‘z’ are mapped to ‘A’ to ‘Z’, but non-ASCII letters are unchanged.

To return a new uppercased value without modifying the existing one, use to_ascii_uppercase().

Examples

let mut ascii = 'a';

ascii.make_ascii_uppercase();

assert_eq!('A', ascii);

pub fn make_ascii_lowercase(&mut self)

Converts this type to its ASCII lower case equivalent in-place.

ASCII letters ‘A’ to ‘Z’ are mapped to ‘a’ to ‘z’, but non-ASCII letters are unchanged.

To return a new lowercased value without modifying the existing one, use to_ascii_lowercase().

Examples

let mut ascii = 'A';

ascii.make_ascii_lowercase();

assert_eq!('a', ascii);

pub const fn is_ascii_alphabetic(&self) -> bool

Checks if the value is an ASCII alphabetic character:

• U+0041 ‘A’ ..= U+005A ‘Z’, or
• U+0061 ‘a’ ..= U+007A ‘z’.

Examples

let uppercase_a = 'A';
let uppercase_g = 'G';
let a = 'a';
let g = 'g';
let zero = '0';
let percent = '%';
let space = ' ';
let lf = '\n';
let esc = '\x1b';

assert!(uppercase_a.is_ascii_alphabetic());
assert!(uppercase_g.is_ascii_alphabetic());
assert!(a.is_ascii_alphabetic());
assert!(g.is_ascii_alphabetic());
assert!(!zero.is_ascii_alphabetic());
assert!(!percent.is_ascii_alphabetic());
assert!(!space.is_ascii_alphabetic());
assert!(!lf.is_ascii_alphabetic());
assert!(!esc.is_ascii_alphabetic());

pub const fn is_ascii_uppercase(&self) -> bool

Checks if the value is an ASCII uppercase character: U+0041 ‘A’ ..= U+005A ‘Z’.

Examples

let uppercase_a = 'A';
let uppercase_g = 'G';
let a = 'a';
let g = 'g';
let zero = '0';
let percent = '%';
let space = ' ';
let lf = '\n';
let esc = '\x1b';

assert!(uppercase_a.is_ascii_uppercase());
assert!(uppercase_g.is_ascii_uppercase());
assert!(!a.is_ascii_uppercase());
assert!(!g.is_ascii_uppercase());
assert!(!zero.is_ascii_uppercase());
assert!(!percent.is_ascii_uppercase());
assert!(!space.is_ascii_uppercase());
assert!(!lf.is_ascii_uppercase());
assert!(!esc.is_ascii_uppercase());

pub const fn is_ascii_lowercase(&self) -> bool

Checks if the value is an ASCII lowercase character: U+0061 ‘a’ ..= U+007A ‘z’.

Examples

let uppercase_a = 'A';
let uppercase_g = 'G';
let a = 'a';
let g = 'g';
let zero = '0';
let percent = '%';
let space = ' ';
let lf = '\n';
let esc = '\x1b';

assert!(!uppercase_a.is_ascii_lowercase());
assert!(!uppercase_g.is_ascii_lowercase());
assert!(a.is_ascii_lowercase());
assert!(g.is_ascii_lowercase());
assert!(!zero.is_ascii_lowercase());
assert!(!percent.is_ascii_lowercase());
assert!(!space.is_ascii_lowercase());
assert!(!lf.is_ascii_lowercase());
assert!(!esc.is_ascii_lowercase());

pub const fn is_ascii_alphanumeric(&self) -> bool

Checks if the value is an ASCII alphanumeric character:

• U+0041 ‘A’ ..= U+005A ‘Z’, or
• U+0061 ‘a’ ..= U+007A ‘z’, or
• U+0030 ‘0’ ..= U+0039 ‘9’.

Examples

let uppercase_a = 'A';
let uppercase_g = 'G';
let a = 'a';
let g = 'g';
let zero = '0';
let percent = '%';
let space = ' ';
let lf = '\n';
let esc = '\x1b';

assert!(uppercase_a.is_ascii_alphanumeric());
assert!(uppercase_g.is_ascii_alphanumeric());
assert!(a.is_ascii_alphanumeric());
assert!(g.is_ascii_alphanumeric());
assert!(zero.is_ascii_alphanumeric());
assert!(!percent.is_ascii_alphanumeric());
assert!(!space.is_ascii_alphanumeric());
assert!(!lf.is_ascii_alphanumeric());
assert!(!esc.is_ascii_alphanumeric());

pub const fn is_ascii_digit(&self) -> bool

Checks if the value is an ASCII decimal digit: U+0030 ‘0’ ..= U+0039 ‘9’.

Examples

let uppercase_a = 'A';
let uppercase_g = 'G';
let a = 'a';
let g = 'g';
let zero = '0';
let percent = '%';
let space = ' ';
let lf = '\n';
let esc = '\x1b';

assert!(!uppercase_a.is_ascii_digit());
assert!(!uppercase_g.is_ascii_digit());
assert!(!a.is_ascii_digit());
assert!(!g.is_ascii_digit());
assert!(zero.is_ascii_digit());
assert!(!percent.is_ascii_digit());
assert!(!space.is_ascii_digit());
assert!(!lf.is_ascii_digit());
assert!(!esc.is_ascii_digit());

pub const fn is_ascii_hexdigit(&self) -> bool

Checks if the value is an ASCII hexadecimal digit:

• U+0030 ‘0’ ..= U+0039 ‘9’, or
• U+0041 ‘A’ ..= U+0046 ‘F’, or
• U+0061 ‘a’ ..= U+0066 ‘f’.

Examples

let uppercase_a = 'A';
let uppercase_g = 'G';
let a = 'a';
let g = 'g';
let zero = '0';
let percent = '%';
let space = ' ';
let lf = '\n';
let esc = '\x1b';

assert!(uppercase_a.is_ascii_hexdigit());
assert!(!uppercase_g.is_ascii_hexdigit());
assert!(a.is_ascii_hexdigit());
assert!(!g.is_ascii_hexdigit());
assert!(zero.is_ascii_hexdigit());
assert!(!percent.is_ascii_hexdigit());
assert!(!space.is_ascii_hexdigit());
assert!(!lf.is_ascii_hexdigit());
assert!(!esc.is_ascii_hexdigit());

pub const fn is_ascii_punctuation(&self) -> bool

Checks if the value is an ASCII punctuation character:

• U+0021 ..= U+002F ! " # $ % & ' ( ) * + , - . /, or
• U+003A ..= U+0040 : ; < = > ? @, or
• U+005B ..= U+0060 [ \ ] ^ _ ` , or
• U+007B ..= U+007E { | } ~

Examples

let uppercase_a = 'A';
let uppercase_g = 'G';
let a = 'a';
let g = 'g';
let zero = '0';
let percent = '%';
let space = ' ';
let lf = '\n';
let esc = '\x1b';

assert!(!uppercase_a.is_ascii_punctuation());
assert!(!uppercase_g.is_ascii_punctuation());
assert!(!a.is_ascii_punctuation());
assert!(!g.is_ascii_punctuation());
assert!(!zero.is_ascii_punctuation());
assert!(percent.is_ascii_punctuation());
assert!(!space.is_ascii_punctuation());
assert!(!lf.is_ascii_punctuation());
assert!(!esc.is_ascii_punctuation());

pub const fn is_ascii_graphic(&self) -> bool

Checks if the value is an ASCII graphic character: U+0021 ‘!’ ..= U+007E ‘~’.

Examples

let uppercase_a = 'A';
let uppercase_g = 'G';
let a = 'a';
let g = 'g';
let zero = '0';
let percent = '%';
let space = ' ';
let lf = '\n';
let esc = '\x1b';

assert!(uppercase_a.is_ascii_graphic());
assert!(uppercase_g.is_ascii_graphic());
assert!(a.is_ascii_graphic());
assert!(g.is_ascii_graphic());
assert!(zero.is_ascii_graphic());
assert!(percent.is_ascii_graphic());
assert!(!space.is_ascii_graphic());
assert!(!lf.is_ascii_graphic());
assert!(!esc.is_ascii_graphic());

pub const fn is_ascii_whitespace(&self) -> bool

Checks if the value is an ASCII whitespace character: U+0020 SPACE, U+0009 HORIZONTAL TAB, U+000A LINE FEED, U+000C FORM FEED, or U+000D CARRIAGE RETURN.

Rust uses the WhatWG Infra Standard’s definition of ASCII whitespace. There are several other definitions in wide use. For instance, the POSIX locale includes U+000B VERTICAL TAB as well as all the above characters, but—from the very same specification—the default rule for “field splitting” in the Bourne shell considers only SPACE, HORIZONTAL TAB, and LINE FEED as whitespace.

If you are writing a program that will process an existing file format, check what that format’s definition of whitespace is before using this function.

Examples

let uppercase_a = 'A';
let uppercase_g = 'G';
let a = 'a';
let g = 'g';
let zero = '0';
let percent = '%';
let space = ' ';
let lf = '\n';
let esc = '\x1b';

assert!(!uppercase_a.is_ascii_whitespace());
assert!(!uppercase_g.is_ascii_whitespace());
assert!(!a.is_ascii_whitespace());
assert!(!g.is_ascii_whitespace());
assert!(!zero.is_ascii_whitespace());
assert!(!percent.is_ascii_whitespace());
assert!(space.is_ascii_whitespace());
assert!(lf.is_ascii_whitespace());
assert!(!esc.is_ascii_whitespace());

pub const fn is_ascii_control(&self) -> bool

Checks if the value is an ASCII control character: U+0000 NUL ..= U+001F UNIT SEPARATOR, or U+007F DELETE. Note that most ASCII whitespace characters are control characters, but SPACE is not.

Examples

let uppercase_a = 'A';
let uppercase_g = 'G';
let a = 'a';
let g = 'g';
let zero = '0';
let percent = '%';
let space = ' ';
let lf = '\n';
let esc = '\x1b';

assert!(!uppercase_a.is_ascii_control());
assert!(!uppercase_g.is_ascii_control());
assert!(!a.is_ascii_control());
assert!(!g.is_ascii_control());
assert!(!zero.is_ascii_control());
assert!(!percent.is_ascii_control());
assert!(!space.is_ascii_control());
assert!(lf.is_ascii_control());
assert!(esc.is_ascii_control());

Trait Implementations

impl AsciiExt for char

type Owned = char

👎 Deprecated since 1.26.0:

use inherent methods instead

Container type for copied ASCII characters.

fn is_ascii(&self) -> bool

👎 Deprecated since 1.26.0:

use inherent methods instead

Checks if the value is within the ASCII range.

fn to_ascii_uppercase(&self) -> Self::Owned

👎 Deprecated since 1.26.0:

use inherent methods instead

Makes a copy of the value in its ASCII upper case equivalent.

fn to_ascii_lowercase(&self) -> Self::Owned

👎 Deprecated since 1.26.0:

use inherent methods instead

Makes a copy of the value in its ASCII lower case equivalent.

fn eq_ignore_ascii_case(&self, o: &Self) -> bool

👎 Deprecated since 1.26.0:

use inherent methods instead

Checks that two values are an ASCII case-insensitive match.

fn make_ascii_uppercase(&mut self)

👎 Deprecated since 1.26.0:

use inherent methods instead

Converts this type to its ASCII upper case equivalent in-place.

fn make_ascii_lowercase(&mut self)

👎 Deprecated since 1.26.0:

use inherent methods instead

Converts this type to its ASCII lower case equivalent in-place.

impl Clone for char

pub fn clone(&self) -> char

Returns a copy of the value.

fn clone_from(&mut self, source: &Self)

Performs copy-assignment from source.

impl Debug for char

pub fn fmt(&self, f: &mut Formatter<'_>) -> Result<(), Error>

Formats the value using the given formatter.

impl Default for char

pub fn default() -> char

Returns the default value of \x00

impl Display for char

pub fn fmt(&self, f: &mut Formatter<'_>) -> Result<(), Error>

Formats the value using the given formatter.

impl<'a> Extend<&'a char> for String

pub fn extend<I>(&mut self, iter: I) where
    I: IntoIterator<Item = &'a char>, 

Extends a collection with the contents of an iterator.

pub fn extend_one(&mut self, &'a char)

🔬 This is a nightly-only experimental API. (extend_one #72631)

Extends a collection with exactly one element.

pub fn extend_reserve(&mut self, additional: usize)

🔬 This is a nightly-only experimental API. (extend_one #72631)

Reserves capacity in a collection for the given number of additional elements.

impl Extend<char> for String

pub fn extend<I>(&mut self, iter: I) where
    I: IntoIterator<Item = char>, 

Extends a collection with the contents of an iterator.

pub fn extend_one(&mut self, c: char)

🔬 This is a nightly-only experimental API. (extend_one #72631)

Extends a collection with exactly one element.

pub fn extend_reserve(&mut self, additional: usize)

🔬 This is a nightly-only experimental API. (extend_one #72631)

Reserves capacity in a collection for the given number of additional elements.

impl From<char> for u32

pub fn from(c: char) -> u32

Converts a char into a u32.

Examples

use std::mem;

let c = 'c';
let u = u32::from(c);
assert!(4 == mem::size_of_val(&u))

impl From<char> for u64

pub fn from(c: char) -> u64

Converts a char into a u64.

Examples

use std::mem;

let c = '👤';
let u = u64::from(c);
assert!(8 == mem::size_of_val(&u))

impl From<char> for u128

pub fn from(c: char) -> u128

Converts a char into a u128.

Examples

use std::mem;

let c = '⚙';
let u = u128::from(c);
assert!(16 == mem::size_of_val(&u))

impl From<char> for String

pub fn from(c: char) -> String

Allocates an owned String from a single character.

Example

let c: char = 'a';
let s: String = String::from(c);
assert_eq!("a", &s[..]);

impl From<u8> for char

Maps a byte in 0x00..=0xFF to a char whose code point has the same value, in U+0000..=U+00FF.

Unicode is designed such that this effectively decodes bytes with the character encoding that IANA calls ISO-8859-1. This encoding is compatible with ASCII.

Note that this is different from ISO/IEC 8859-1 a.k.a. ISO 8859-1 (with one less hyphen), which leaves some “blanks”, byte values that are not assigned to any character. ISO-8859-1 (the IANA one) assigns them to the C0 and C1 control codes.

Note that this is also different from Windows-1252 a.k.a. code page 1252, which is a superset ISO/IEC 8859-1 that assigns some (not all!) blanks to punctuation and various Latin characters.

To confuse things further, on the Web ascii, iso-8859-1, and windows-1252 are all aliases for a superset of Windows-1252 that fills the remaining blanks with corresponding C0 and C1 control codes.

pub fn from(i: u8) -> char

Converts a u8 into a char.

Examples

use std::mem;

let u = 32 as u8;
let c = char::from(u);
assert!(4 == mem::size_of_val(&c))

impl<'a> FromIterator<&'a char> for String

pub fn from_iter<I>(iter: I) -> String where
    I: IntoIterator<Item = &'a char>, 

Creates a value from an iterator.

impl FromIterator<char> for String

pub fn from_iter<I>(iter: I) -> String where
    I: IntoIterator<Item = char>, 

Creates a value from an iterator.

impl<'a> FromIterator<char> for Cow<'a, str>

pub fn from_iter<I>(it: I) -> Cow<'a, str> where
    I: IntoIterator<Item = char>, 

Creates a value from an iterator.

impl FromStr for char

type Err = ParseCharError

The associated error which can be returned from parsing.

pub fn from_str(s: &str) -> Result<char, <char as FromStr>::Err>

Parses a string s to return a value of this type.

impl Hash for char

pub fn hash<H>(&self, state: &mut H) where
    H: Hasher, 

Feeds this value into the given Hasher.

fn hash_slice<H>(data: &[Self], state: &mut H) where
    H: Hasher, 

Feeds a slice of this type into the given Hasher.

impl Ord for char

pub fn cmp(&self, other: &char) -> Ordering

This method returns an Ordering between self and other.

fn max(self, other: Self) -> Self

Compares and returns the maximum of two values.

fn min(self, other: Self) -> Self

Compares and returns the minimum of two values.

fn clamp(self, min: Self, max: Self) -> Self

Restrict a value to a certain interval.

impl PartialEq<char> for char

pub fn eq(&self, other: &char) -> bool

This method tests for self and other values to be equal, and is used by ==.

pub fn ne(&self, other: &char) -> bool

This method tests for !=.

impl PartialOrd<char> for char

pub fn partial_cmp(&self, other: &char) -> Option<Ordering>

This method returns an ordering between self and other values if one exists.

pub fn lt(&self, other: &char) -> bool

This method tests less than (for self and other) and is used by the < operator.

pub fn le(&self, other: &char) -> bool

This method tests less than or equal to (for self and other) and is used by the <= operator.

pub fn ge(&self, other: &char) -> bool

This method tests greater than or equal to (for self and other) and is used by the >= operator.

pub fn gt(&self, other: &char) -> bool

This method tests greater than (for self and other) and is used by the > operator.

impl<'a> Pattern<'a> for char

Searches for chars that are equal to a given char.

Examples

assert_eq!("Hello world".find('o'), Some(4));

type Searcher = CharSearcher<'a>

🔬 This is a nightly-only experimental API. (pattern #27721)

Associated searcher for this pattern

pub fn into_searcher(self, haystack: &'a str) -> <char as Pattern<'a>>::Searcher

🔬 This is a nightly-only experimental API. (pattern #27721)

Constructs the associated searcher from self and the haystack to search in.

pub fn is_contained_in(self, haystack: &'a str) -> bool

🔬 This is a nightly-only experimental API. (pattern #27721)

Checks whether the pattern matches anywhere in the haystack

pub fn is_prefix_of(self, haystack: &'a str) -> bool

🔬 This is a nightly-only experimental API. (pattern #27721)

Checks whether the pattern matches at the front of the haystack

pub fn strip_prefix_of(self, haystack: &'a str) -> Option<&'a str>

🔬 This is a nightly-only experimental API. (pattern #27721)

Removes the pattern from the front of haystack, if it matches.

pub fn is_suffix_of(self, haystack: &'a str) -> bool where
    <char as Pattern<'a>>::Searcher: ReverseSearcher<'a>, 

🔬 This is a nightly-only experimental API. (pattern #27721)

Checks whether the pattern matches at the back of the haystack

pub fn strip_suffix_of(self, haystack: &'a str) -> Option<&'a str> where
    <char as Pattern<'a>>::Searcher: ReverseSearcher<'a>, 

🔬 This is a nightly-only experimental API. (pattern #27721)

Removes the pattern from the back of haystack, if it matches.

impl Step for char

pub fn steps_between(&char, &char) -> Option<usize>

🔬 This is a nightly-only experimental API. (step_trait #42168)

Returns the number of successor steps required to get from start to end.

pub fn forward_checked(start: char, count: usize) -> Option<char>

🔬 This is a nightly-only experimental API. (step_trait #42168)

Returns the value that would be obtained by taking the successor of self count times.

pub fn backward_checked(start: char, count: usize) -> Option<char>

🔬 This is a nightly-only experimental API. (step_trait #42168)

Returns the value that would be obtained by taking the predecessor of self count times.

pub unsafe fn forward_unchecked(start: char, count: usize) -> char

🔬 This is a nightly-only experimental API. (step_trait #42168)

Returns the value that would be obtained by taking the successor of self count times.

pub unsafe fn backward_unchecked(start: char, count: usize) -> char

🔬 This is a nightly-only experimental API. (step_trait #42168)

Returns the value that would be obtained by taking the predecessor of self count times.

fn forward(start: Self, count: usize) -> Self

🔬 This is a nightly-only experimental API. (step_trait #42168)

Returns the value that would be obtained by taking the successor of self count times.

fn backward(start: Self, count: usize) -> Self

🔬 This is a nightly-only experimental API. (step_trait #42168)

Returns the value that would be obtained by taking the predecessor of self count times.

impl ToString for char

pub fn to_string(&self) -> String

Converts the given value to a String.

impl TryFrom<char> for u8

Map char with code point in U+0000..=U+00FF to byte in 0x00..=0xFF with same value, failing if the code point is greater than U+00FF.

See impl From<u8> for char for details on the encoding.

type Error = TryFromCharError

The type returned in the event of a conversion error.

pub fn try_from(c: char) -> Result<u8, <u8 as TryFrom<char>>::Error>

Performs the conversion.

impl TryFrom<u32> for char

type Error = CharTryFromError

The type returned in the event of a conversion error.

pub fn try_from(i: u32) -> Result<char, <char as TryFrom<u32>>::Error>

Performs the conversion.

impl Copy for char

impl Eq for char

impl TrustedStep for char