Struct alloc::collections::vec_deque::VecDeque

1.0.0 · source · [−]
pub struct VecDeque<T, A: Allocator = Global> { /* private fields */ }
Expand description

A double-ended queue implemented with a growable ring buffer.

The “default” usage of this type as a queue is to use push_back to add to the queue, and pop_front to remove from the queue. extend and append push onto the back in this manner, and iterating over VecDeque goes front to back.

A VecDeque with a known list of items can be initialized from an array:

use std::collections::VecDeque;

let deq = VecDeque::from([-1, 0, 1]);
Run

Since VecDeque is a ring buffer, its elements are not necessarily contiguous in memory. If you want to access the elements as a single slice, such as for efficient sorting, you can use make_contiguous. It rotates the VecDeque so that its elements do not wrap, and returns a mutable slice to the now-contiguous element sequence.

Implementations

Creates an empty VecDeque.

Examples
use std::collections::VecDeque;

let vector: VecDeque<u32> = VecDeque::new();
Run

Creates an empty VecDeque with space for at least capacity elements.

Examples
use std::collections::VecDeque;

let vector: VecDeque<u32> = VecDeque::with_capacity(10);
Run
🔬 This is a nightly-only experimental API. (allocator_api #32838)

Creates an empty VecDeque.

Examples
use std::collections::VecDeque;

let vector: VecDeque<u32> = VecDeque::new();
Run
🔬 This is a nightly-only experimental API. (allocator_api #32838)

Creates an empty VecDeque with space for at least capacity elements.

Examples
use std::collections::VecDeque;

let vector: VecDeque<u32> = VecDeque::with_capacity(10);
Run

Provides a reference to the element at the given index.

Element at index 0 is the front of the queue.

Examples
use std::collections::VecDeque;

let mut buf = VecDeque::new();
buf.push_back(3);
buf.push_back(4);
buf.push_back(5);
assert_eq!(buf.get(1), Some(&4));
Run

Provides a mutable reference to the element at the given index.

Element at index 0 is the front of the queue.

Examples
use std::collections::VecDeque;

let mut buf = VecDeque::new();
buf.push_back(3);
buf.push_back(4);
buf.push_back(5);
if let Some(elem) = buf.get_mut(1) {
    *elem = 7;
}

assert_eq!(buf[1], 7);
Run

Swaps elements at indices i and j.

i and j may be equal.

Element at index 0 is the front of the queue.

Panics

Panics if either index is out of bounds.

Examples
use std::collections::VecDeque;

let mut buf = VecDeque::new();
buf.push_back(3);
buf.push_back(4);
buf.push_back(5);
assert_eq!(buf, [3, 4, 5]);
buf.swap(0, 2);
assert_eq!(buf, [5, 4, 3]);
Run

Returns the number of elements the VecDeque can hold without reallocating.

Examples
use std::collections::VecDeque;

let buf: VecDeque<i32> = VecDeque::with_capacity(10);
assert!(buf.capacity() >= 10);
Run

Reserves the minimum capacity for exactly additional more elements to be inserted in the given VecDeque. Does nothing if the capacity is already sufficient.

Note that the allocator may give the collection more space than it requests. Therefore capacity can not be relied upon to be precisely minimal. Prefer reserve if future insertions are expected.

Panics

Panics if the new capacity overflows usize.

Examples
use std::collections::VecDeque;

let mut buf: VecDeque<i32> = [1].into();
buf.reserve_exact(10);
assert!(buf.capacity() >= 11);
Run

Reserves capacity for at least additional more elements to be inserted in the given VecDeque. The collection may reserve more space to avoid frequent reallocations.

Panics

Panics if the new capacity overflows usize.

Examples
use std::collections::VecDeque;

let mut buf: VecDeque<i32> = [1].into();
buf.reserve(10);
assert!(buf.capacity() >= 11);
Run

Tries to reserve the minimum capacity for exactly additional more elements to be inserted in the given VecDeque<T>. After calling try_reserve_exact, capacity will be greater than or equal to self.len() + additional. Does nothing if the capacity is already sufficient.

Note that the allocator may give the collection more space than it requests. Therefore, capacity can not be relied upon to be precisely minimal. Prefer try_reserve if future insertions are expected.

Errors

If the capacity overflows usize, or the allocator reports a failure, then an error is returned.

Examples
use std::collections::TryReserveError;
use std::collections::VecDeque;

fn process_data(data: &[u32]) -> Result<VecDeque<u32>, TryReserveError> {
    let mut output = VecDeque::new();

    // Pre-reserve the memory, exiting if we can't
    output.try_reserve_exact(data.len())?;

    // Now we know this can't OOM(Out-Of-Memory) in the middle of our complex work
    output.extend(data.iter().map(|&val| {
        val * 2 + 5 // very complicated
    }));

    Ok(output)
}
Run

Tries to reserve capacity for at least additional more elements to be inserted in the given VecDeque<T>. The collection may reserve more space to avoid frequent reallocations. After calling try_reserve, capacity will be greater than or equal to self.len() + additional. Does nothing if capacity is already sufficient.

Errors

If the capacity overflows usize, or the allocator reports a failure, then an error is returned.

Examples
use std::collections::TryReserveError;
use std::collections::VecDeque;

fn process_data(data: &[u32]) -> Result<VecDeque<u32>, TryReserveError> {
    let mut output = VecDeque::new();

    // Pre-reserve the memory, exiting if we can't
    output.try_reserve(data.len())?;

    // Now we know this can't OOM in the middle of our complex work
    output.extend(data.iter().map(|&val| {
        val * 2 + 5 // very complicated
    }));

    Ok(output)
}
Run

Shrinks the capacity of the VecDeque as much as possible.

It will drop down as close as possible to the length but the allocator may still inform the VecDeque that there is space for a few more elements.

Examples
use std::collections::VecDeque;

let mut buf = VecDeque::with_capacity(15);
buf.extend(0..4);
assert_eq!(buf.capacity(), 15);
buf.shrink_to_fit();
assert!(buf.capacity() >= 4);
Run

Shrinks the capacity of the VecDeque with a lower bound.

The capacity will remain at least as large as both the length and the supplied value.

If the current capacity is less than the lower limit, this is a no-op.

Examples
use std::collections::VecDeque;

let mut buf = VecDeque::with_capacity(15);
buf.extend(0..4);
assert_eq!(buf.capacity(), 15);
buf.shrink_to(6);
assert!(buf.capacity() >= 6);
buf.shrink_to(0);
assert!(buf.capacity() >= 4);
Run

Shortens the VecDeque, keeping the first len elements and dropping the rest.

If len is greater than the VecDeque’s current length, this has no effect.

Examples
use std::collections::VecDeque;

let mut buf = VecDeque::new();
buf.push_back(5);
buf.push_back(10);
buf.push_back(15);
assert_eq!(buf, [5, 10, 15]);
buf.truncate(1);
assert_eq!(buf, [5]);
Run
🔬 This is a nightly-only experimental API. (allocator_api #32838)

Returns a reference to the underlying allocator.

Returns a front-to-back iterator.

Examples
use std::collections::VecDeque;

let mut buf = VecDeque::new();
buf.push_back(5);
buf.push_back(3);
buf.push_back(4);
let b: &[_] = &[&5, &3, &4];
let c: Vec<&i32> = buf.iter().collect();
assert_eq!(&c[..], b);
Run

Returns a front-to-back iterator that returns mutable references.

Examples
use std::collections::VecDeque;

let mut buf = VecDeque::new();
buf.push_back(5);
buf.push_back(3);
buf.push_back(4);
for num in buf.iter_mut() {
    *num = *num - 2;
}
let b: &[_] = &[&mut 3, &mut 1, &mut 2];
assert_eq!(&buf.iter_mut().collect::<Vec<&mut i32>>()[..], b);
Run

Returns a pair of slices which contain, in order, the contents of the VecDeque.

If make_contiguous was previously called, all elements of the VecDeque will be in the first slice and the second slice will be empty.

Examples
use std::collections::VecDeque;

let mut vector = VecDeque::new();

vector.push_back(0);
vector.push_back(1);
vector.push_back(2);

assert_eq!(vector.as_slices(), (&[0, 1, 2][..], &[][..]));

vector.push_front(10);
vector.push_front(9);

assert_eq!(vector.as_slices(), (&[9, 10][..], &[0, 1, 2][..]));
Run

Returns a pair of slices which contain, in order, the contents of the VecDeque.

If make_contiguous was previously called, all elements of the VecDeque will be in the first slice and the second slice will be empty.

Examples
use std::collections::VecDeque;

let mut vector = VecDeque::new();

vector.push_back(0);
vector.push_back(1);

vector.push_front(10);
vector.push_front(9);

vector.as_mut_slices().0[0] = 42;
vector.as_mut_slices().1[0] = 24;
assert_eq!(vector.as_slices(), (&[42, 10][..], &[24, 1][..]));
Run

Returns the number of elements in the VecDeque.

Examples
use std::collections::VecDeque;

let mut v = VecDeque::new();
assert_eq!(v.len(), 0);
v.push_back(1);
assert_eq!(v.len(), 1);
Run

Returns true if the VecDeque is empty.

Examples
use std::collections::VecDeque;

let mut v = VecDeque::new();
assert!(v.is_empty());
v.push_front(1);
assert!(!v.is_empty());
Run

Creates an iterator that covers the specified range in the VecDeque.

Panics

Panics if the starting point is greater than the end point or if the end point is greater than the length of the vector.

Examples
use std::collections::VecDeque;

let v: VecDeque<_> = [1, 2, 3].into();
let range = v.range(2..).copied().collect::<VecDeque<_>>();
assert_eq!(range, [3]);

// A full range covers all contents
let all = v.range(..);
assert_eq!(all.len(), 3);
Run

Creates an iterator that covers the specified mutable range in the VecDeque.

Panics

Panics if the starting point is greater than the end point or if the end point is greater than the length of the vector.

Examples
use std::collections::VecDeque;

let mut v: VecDeque<_> = [1, 2, 3].into();
for v in v.range_mut(2..) {
  *v *= 2;
}
assert_eq!(v, [1, 2, 6]);

// A full range covers all contents
for v in v.range_mut(..) {
  *v *= 2;
}
assert_eq!(v, [2, 4, 12]);
Run

Creates a draining iterator that removes the specified range in the VecDeque and yields the removed items.

Note 1: The element range is removed even if the iterator is not consumed until the end.

Note 2: It is unspecified how many elements are removed from the deque, if the Drain value is not dropped, but the borrow it holds expires (e.g., due to mem::forget).

Panics

Panics if the starting point is greater than the end point or if the end point is greater than the length of the vector.

Examples
use std::collections::VecDeque;

let mut v: VecDeque<_> = [1, 2, 3].into();
let drained = v.drain(2..).collect::<VecDeque<_>>();
assert_eq!(drained, [3]);
assert_eq!(v, [1, 2]);

// A full range clears all contents
v.drain(..);
assert!(v.is_empty());
Run

Clears the VecDeque, removing all values.

Examples
use std::collections::VecDeque;

let mut v = VecDeque::new();
v.push_back(1);
v.clear();
assert!(v.is_empty());
Run

Returns true if the VecDeque contains an element equal to the given value.

Examples
use std::collections::VecDeque;

let mut vector: VecDeque<u32> = VecDeque::new();

vector.push_back(0);
vector.push_back(1);

assert_eq!(vector.contains(&1), true);
assert_eq!(vector.contains(&10), false);
Run

Provides a reference to the front element, or None if the VecDeque is empty.

Examples
use std::collections::VecDeque;

let mut d = VecDeque::new();
assert_eq!(d.front(), None);

d.push_back(1);
d.push_back(2);
assert_eq!(d.front(), Some(&1));
Run

Provides a mutable reference to the front element, or None if the VecDeque is empty.

Examples
use std::collections::VecDeque;

let mut d = VecDeque::new();
assert_eq!(d.front_mut(), None);

d.push_back(1);
d.push_back(2);
match d.front_mut() {
    Some(x) => *x = 9,
    None => (),
}
assert_eq!(d.front(), Some(&9));
Run

Provides a reference to the back element, or None if the VecDeque is empty.

Examples
use std::collections::VecDeque;

let mut d = VecDeque::new();
assert_eq!(d.back(), None);

d.push_back(1);
d.push_back(2);
assert_eq!(d.back(), Some(&2));
Run

Provides a mutable reference to the back element, or None if the VecDeque is empty.

Examples
use std::collections::VecDeque;

let mut d = VecDeque::new();
assert_eq!(d.back(), None);

d.push_back(1);
d.push_back(2);
match d.back_mut() {
    Some(x) => *x = 9,
    None => (),
}
assert_eq!(d.back(), Some(&9));
Run

Removes the first element and returns it, or None if the VecDeque is empty.

Examples
use std::collections::VecDeque;

let mut d = VecDeque::new();
d.push_back(1);
d.push_back(2);

assert_eq!(d.pop_front(), Some(1));
assert_eq!(d.pop_front(), Some(2));
assert_eq!(d.pop_front(), None);
Run

Removes the last element from the VecDeque and returns it, or None if it is empty.

Examples
use std::collections::VecDeque;

let mut buf = VecDeque::new();
assert_eq!(buf.pop_back(), None);
buf.push_back(1);
buf.push_back(3);
assert_eq!(buf.pop_back(), Some(3));
Run

Prepends an element to the VecDeque.

Examples
use std::collections::VecDeque;

let mut d = VecDeque::new();
d.push_front(1);
d.push_front(2);
assert_eq!(d.front(), Some(&2));
Run

Appends an element to the back of the VecDeque.

Examples
use std::collections::VecDeque;

let mut buf = VecDeque::new();
buf.push_back(1);
buf.push_back(3);
assert_eq!(3, *buf.back().unwrap());
Run

Removes an element from anywhere in the VecDeque and returns it, replacing it with the first element.

This does not preserve ordering, but is O(1).

Returns None if index is out of bounds.

Element at index 0 is the front of the queue.

Examples
use std::collections::VecDeque;

let mut buf = VecDeque::new();
assert_eq!(buf.swap_remove_front(0), None);
buf.push_back(1);
buf.push_back(2);
buf.push_back(3);
assert_eq!(buf, [1, 2, 3]);

assert_eq!(buf.swap_remove_front(2), Some(3));
assert_eq!(buf, [2, 1]);
Run

Removes an element from anywhere in the VecDeque and returns it, replacing it with the last element.

This does not preserve ordering, but is O(1).

Returns None if index is out of bounds.

Element at index 0 is the front of the queue.

Examples
use std::collections::VecDeque;

let mut buf = VecDeque::new();
assert_eq!(buf.swap_remove_back(0), None);
buf.push_back(1);
buf.push_back(2);
buf.push_back(3);
assert_eq!(buf, [1, 2, 3]);

assert_eq!(buf.swap_remove_back(0), Some(1));
assert_eq!(buf, [3, 2]);
Run

Inserts an element at index within the VecDeque, shifting all elements with indices greater than or equal to index towards the back.

Element at index 0 is the front of the queue.

Panics

Panics if index is greater than VecDeque’s length

Examples
use std::collections::VecDeque;

let mut vec_deque = VecDeque::new();
vec_deque.push_back('a');
vec_deque.push_back('b');
vec_deque.push_back('c');
assert_eq!(vec_deque, &['a', 'b', 'c']);

vec_deque.insert(1, 'd');
assert_eq!(vec_deque, &['a', 'd', 'b', 'c']);
Run

Removes and returns the element at index from the VecDeque. Whichever end is closer to the removal point will be moved to make room, and all the affected elements will be moved to new positions. Returns None if index is out of bounds.

Element at index 0 is the front of the queue.

Examples
use std::collections::VecDeque;

let mut buf = VecDeque::new();
buf.push_back(1);
buf.push_back(2);
buf.push_back(3);
assert_eq!(buf, [1, 2, 3]);

assert_eq!(buf.remove(1), Some(2));
assert_eq!(buf, [1, 3]);
Run

Splits the VecDeque into two at the given index.

Returns a newly allocated VecDeque. self contains elements [0, at), and the returned VecDeque contains elements [at, len).

Note that the capacity of self does not change.

Element at index 0 is the front of the queue.

Panics

Panics if at > len.

Examples
use std::collections::VecDeque;

let mut buf: VecDeque<_> = [1, 2, 3].into();
let buf2 = buf.split_off(1);
assert_eq!(buf, [1]);
assert_eq!(buf2, [2, 3]);
Run

Moves all the elements of other into self, leaving other empty.

Panics

Panics if the new number of elements in self overflows a usize.

Examples
use std::collections::VecDeque;

let mut buf: VecDeque<_> = [1, 2].into();
let mut buf2: VecDeque<_> = [3, 4].into();
buf.append(&mut buf2);
assert_eq!(buf, [1, 2, 3, 4]);
assert_eq!(buf2, []);
Run

Retains only the elements specified by the predicate.

In other words, remove all elements e such that f(&e) returns false. This method operates in place, visiting each element exactly once in the original order, and preserves the order of the retained elements.

Examples
use std::collections::VecDeque;

let mut buf = VecDeque::new();
buf.extend(1..5);
buf.retain(|&x| x % 2 == 0);
assert_eq!(buf, [2, 4]);
Run

Because the elements are visited exactly once in the original order, external state may be used to decide which elements to keep.

use std::collections::VecDeque;

let mut buf = VecDeque::new();
buf.extend(1..6);

let keep = [false, true, true, false, true];
let mut iter = keep.iter();
buf.retain(|_| *iter.next().unwrap());
assert_eq!(buf, [2, 3, 5]);
Run
🔬 This is a nightly-only experimental API. (vec_retain_mut #90829)

Retains only the elements specified by the predicate.

In other words, remove all elements e such that f(&e) returns false. This method operates in place, visiting each element exactly once in the original order, and preserves the order of the retained elements.

Examples
#![feature(vec_retain_mut)]

use std::collections::VecDeque;

let mut buf = VecDeque::new();
buf.extend(1..5);
buf.retain_mut(|x| if *x % 2 == 0 {
    *x += 1;
    true
} else {
    false
});
assert_eq!(buf, [3, 5]);
Run

Modifies the VecDeque in-place so that len() is equal to new_len, either by removing excess elements from the back or by appending elements generated by calling generator to the back.

Examples
use std::collections::VecDeque;

let mut buf = VecDeque::new();
buf.push_back(5);
buf.push_back(10);
buf.push_back(15);
assert_eq!(buf, [5, 10, 15]);

buf.resize_with(5, Default::default);
assert_eq!(buf, [5, 10, 15, 0, 0]);

buf.resize_with(2, || unreachable!());
assert_eq!(buf, [5, 10]);

let mut state = 100;
buf.resize_with(5, || { state += 1; state });
assert_eq!(buf, [5, 10, 101, 102, 103]);
Run

Rearranges the internal storage of this deque so it is one contiguous slice, which is then returned.

This method does not allocate and does not change the order of the inserted elements. As it returns a mutable slice, this can be used to sort a deque.

Once the internal storage is contiguous, the as_slices and as_mut_slices methods will return the entire contents of the VecDeque in a single slice.

Examples

Sorting the content of a deque.

use std::collections::VecDeque;

let mut buf = VecDeque::with_capacity(15);

buf.push_back(2);
buf.push_back(1);
buf.push_front(3);

// sorting the deque
buf.make_contiguous().sort();
assert_eq!(buf.as_slices(), (&[1, 2, 3] as &[_], &[] as &[_]));

// sorting it in reverse order
buf.make_contiguous().sort_by(|a, b| b.cmp(a));
assert_eq!(buf.as_slices(), (&[3, 2, 1] as &[_], &[] as &[_]));
Run

Getting immutable access to the contiguous slice.

use std::collections::VecDeque;

let mut buf = VecDeque::new();

buf.push_back(2);
buf.push_back(1);
buf.push_front(3);

buf.make_contiguous();
if let (slice, &[]) = buf.as_slices() {
    // we can now be sure that `slice` contains all elements of the deque,
    // while still having immutable access to `buf`.
    assert_eq!(buf.len(), slice.len());
    assert_eq!(slice, &[3, 2, 1] as &[_]);
}
Run

Rotates the double-ended queue mid places to the left.

Equivalently,

  • Rotates item mid into the first position.
  • Pops the first mid items and pushes them to the end.
  • Rotates len() - mid places to the right.
Panics

If mid is greater than len(). Note that mid == len() does not panic and is a no-op rotation.

Complexity

Takes *O*(min(mid, len() - mid)) time and no extra space.

Examples
use std::collections::VecDeque;

let mut buf: VecDeque<_> = (0..10).collect();

buf.rotate_left(3);
assert_eq!(buf, [3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 0, 1, 2]);

for i in 1..10 {
    assert_eq!(i * 3 % 10, buf[0]);
    buf.rotate_left(3);
}
assert_eq!(buf, [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9]);
Run

Rotates the double-ended queue k places to the right.

Equivalently,

  • Rotates the first item into position k.
  • Pops the last k items and pushes them to the front.
  • Rotates len() - k places to the left.
Panics

If k is greater than len(). Note that k == len() does not panic and is a no-op rotation.

Complexity

Takes *O*(min(k, len() - k)) time and no extra space.

Examples
use std::collections::VecDeque;

let mut buf: VecDeque<_> = (0..10).collect();

buf.rotate_right(3);
assert_eq!(buf, [7, 8, 9, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6]);

for i in 1..10 {
    assert_eq!(0, buf[i * 3 % 10]);
    buf.rotate_right(3);
}
assert_eq!(buf, [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9]);
Run

Binary searches this sorted VecDeque for a given element.

If the value is found then Result::Ok is returned, containing the index of the matching element. If there are multiple matches, then any one of the matches could be returned. If the value is not found then Result::Err is returned, containing the index where a matching element could be inserted while maintaining sorted order.

See also binary_search_by, binary_search_by_key, and partition_point.

Examples

Looks up a series of four elements. The first is found, with a uniquely determined position; the second and third are not found; the fourth could match any position in [1, 4].

use std::collections::VecDeque;

let deque: VecDeque<_> = [0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, 34, 55].into();

assert_eq!(deque.binary_search(&13),  Ok(9));
assert_eq!(deque.binary_search(&4),   Err(7));
assert_eq!(deque.binary_search(&100), Err(13));
let r = deque.binary_search(&1);
assert!(matches!(r, Ok(1..=4)));
Run

If you want to insert an item to a sorted VecDeque, while maintaining sort order:

use std::collections::VecDeque;

let mut deque: VecDeque<_> = [0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, 34, 55].into();
let num = 42;
let idx = deque.binary_search(&num).unwrap_or_else(|x| x);
deque.insert(idx, num);
assert_eq!(deque, &[0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, 34, 42, 55]);
Run

Binary searches this sorted VecDeque with a comparator function.

The comparator function should implement an order consistent with the sort order of the underlying VecDeque, returning an order code that indicates whether its argument is Less, Equal or Greater than the desired target.

If the value is found then Result::Ok is returned, containing the index of the matching element. If there are multiple matches, then any one of the matches could be returned. If the value is not found then Result::Err is returned, containing the index where a matching element could be inserted while maintaining sorted order.

See also binary_search, binary_search_by_key, and partition_point.

Examples

Looks up a series of four elements. The first is found, with a uniquely determined position; the second and third are not found; the fourth could match any position in [1, 4].

use std::collections::VecDeque;

let deque: VecDeque<_> = [0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, 34, 55].into();

assert_eq!(deque.binary_search_by(|x| x.cmp(&13)),  Ok(9));
assert_eq!(deque.binary_search_by(|x| x.cmp(&4)),   Err(7));
assert_eq!(deque.binary_search_by(|x| x.cmp(&100)), Err(13));
let r = deque.binary_search_by(|x| x.cmp(&1));
assert!(matches!(r, Ok(1..=4)));
Run

Binary searches this sorted VecDeque with a key extraction function.

Assumes that the VecDeque is sorted by the key, for instance with make_contiguous().sort_by_key() using the same key extraction function.

If the value is found then Result::Ok is returned, containing the index of the matching element. If there are multiple matches, then any one of the matches could be returned. If the value is not found then Result::Err is returned, containing the index where a matching element could be inserted while maintaining sorted order.

See also binary_search, binary_search_by, and partition_point.

Examples

Looks up a series of four elements in a slice of pairs sorted by their second elements. The first is found, with a uniquely determined position; the second and third are not found; the fourth could match any position in [1, 4].

use std::collections::VecDeque;

let deque: VecDeque<_> = [(0, 0), (2, 1), (4, 1), (5, 1),
         (3, 1), (1, 2), (2, 3), (4, 5), (5, 8), (3, 13),
         (1, 21), (2, 34), (4, 55)].into();

assert_eq!(deque.binary_search_by_key(&13, |&(a, b)| b),  Ok(9));
assert_eq!(deque.binary_search_by_key(&4, |&(a, b)| b),   Err(7));
assert_eq!(deque.binary_search_by_key(&100, |&(a, b)| b), Err(13));
let r = deque.binary_search_by_key(&1, |&(a, b)| b);
assert!(matches!(r, Ok(1..=4)));
Run

Returns the index of the partition point according to the given predicate (the index of the first element of the second partition).

The deque is assumed to be partitioned according to the given predicate. This means that all elements for which the predicate returns true are at the start of the deque and all elements for which the predicate returns false are at the end. For example, [7, 15, 3, 5, 4, 12, 6] is a partitioned under the predicate x % 2 != 0 (all odd numbers are at the start, all even at the end).

If this deque is not partitioned, the returned result is unspecified and meaningless, as this method performs a kind of binary search.

See also binary_search, binary_search_by, and binary_search_by_key.

Examples
use std::collections::VecDeque;

let deque: VecDeque<_> = [1, 2, 3, 3, 5, 6, 7].into();
let i = deque.partition_point(|&x| x < 5);

assert_eq!(i, 4);
assert!(deque.iter().take(i).all(|&x| x < 5));
assert!(deque.iter().skip(i).all(|&x| !(x < 5)));
Run

Modifies the VecDeque in-place so that len() is equal to new_len, either by removing excess elements from the back or by appending clones of value to the back.

Examples
use std::collections::VecDeque;

let mut buf = VecDeque::new();
buf.push_back(5);
buf.push_back(10);
buf.push_back(15);
assert_eq!(buf, [5, 10, 15]);

buf.resize(2, 0);
assert_eq!(buf, [5, 10]);

buf.resize(5, 20);
assert_eq!(buf, [5, 10, 20, 20, 20]);
Run

Trait Implementations

Returns a copy of the value. Read more

Performs copy-assignment from source. Read more

Formats the value using the given formatter. Read more

Creates an empty VecDeque<T>.

Executes the destructor for this type. Read more

Extends a collection with the contents of an iterator. Read more

🔬 This is a nightly-only experimental API. (extend_one #72631)

Extends a collection with exactly one element.

🔬 This is a nightly-only experimental API. (extend_one #72631)

Reserves capacity in a collection for the given number of additional elements. Read more

Extends a collection with the contents of an iterator. Read more

🔬 This is a nightly-only experimental API. (extend_one #72631)

Extends a collection with exactly one element.

🔬 This is a nightly-only experimental API. (extend_one #72631)

Reserves capacity in a collection for the given number of additional elements. Read more

use std::collections::VecDeque;

let deq1 = VecDeque::from([1, 2, 3, 4]);
let deq2: VecDeque<_> = [1, 2, 3, 4].into();
assert_eq!(deq1, deq2);
Run

Turn a Vec<T> into a VecDeque<T>.

This avoids reallocating where possible, but the conditions for that are strict, and subject to change, and so shouldn’t be relied upon unless the Vec<T> came from From<VecDeque<T>> and hasn’t been reallocated.

Turn a VecDeque<T> into a Vec<T>.

This never needs to re-allocate, but does need to do O(n) data movement if the circular buffer doesn’t happen to be at the beginning of the allocation.

Examples
use std::collections::VecDeque;

// This one is *O*(1).
let deque: VecDeque<_> = (1..5).collect();
let ptr = deque.as_slices().0.as_ptr();
let vec = Vec::from(deque);
assert_eq!(vec, [1, 2, 3, 4]);
assert_eq!(vec.as_ptr(), ptr);

// This one needs data rearranging.
let mut deque: VecDeque<_> = (1..5).collect();
deque.push_front(9);
deque.push_front(8);
let ptr = deque.as_slices().1.as_ptr();
let vec = Vec::from(deque);
assert_eq!(vec, [8, 9, 1, 2, 3, 4]);
assert_eq!(vec.as_ptr(), ptr);
Run

Creates a value from an iterator. Read more

Feeds this value into the given Hasher. Read more

Feeds a slice of this type into the given Hasher. Read more

The returned type after indexing.

Performs the indexing (container[index]) operation. Read more

Performs the mutable indexing (container[index]) operation. Read more

Consumes the VecDeque into a front-to-back iterator yielding elements by value.

The type of the elements being iterated over.

Which kind of iterator are we turning this into?

The type of the elements being iterated over.

Which kind of iterator are we turning this into?

Creates an iterator from a value. Read more

The type of the elements being iterated over.

Which kind of iterator are we turning this into?

Creates an iterator from a value. Read more

This method returns an Ordering between self and other. Read more

Compares and returns the maximum of two values. Read more

Compares and returns the minimum of two values. Read more

Restrict a value to a certain interval. Read more

This method tests for self and other values to be equal, and is used by ==. Read more

This method tests for !=.

This method tests for self and other values to be equal, and is used by ==. Read more

This method tests for !=.

This method tests for self and other values to be equal, and is used by ==. Read more

This method tests for !=.

This method tests for self and other values to be equal, and is used by ==. Read more

This method tests for !=.

This method tests for self and other values to be equal, and is used by ==. Read more

This method tests for !=.

This method tests for self and other values to be equal, and is used by ==. Read more

This method tests for !=.

This method tests for self and other values to be equal, and is used by ==. Read more

This method tests for !=.

This method returns an ordering between self and other values if one exists. Read more

This method tests less than (for self and other) and is used by the < operator. Read more

This method tests less than or equal to (for self and other) and is used by the <= operator. Read more

This method tests greater than (for self and other) and is used by the > operator. Read more

This method tests greater than or equal to (for self and other) and is used by the >= operator. Read more

Auto Trait Implementations

Blanket Implementations

Gets the TypeId of self. Read more

Immutably borrows from an owned value. Read more

Mutably borrows from an owned value. Read more

Performs the conversion.

Performs the conversion.

The resulting type after obtaining ownership.

Creates owned data from borrowed data, usually by cloning. Read more

🔬 This is a nightly-only experimental API. (toowned_clone_into #41263)

Uses borrowed data to replace owned data, usually by cloning. Read more

The type returned in the event of a conversion error.

Performs the conversion.

The type returned in the event of a conversion error.

Performs the conversion.